Agregación familiar para la hipertensión arterial / Family aggregation of arterial hypertension

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es una de las enfermedades crónicas causada por la interacción de los factores etiopatogénicos genéticos y ambientales. Objetivo: Determinar la existencia de agregación familiar en la hipertensión arterial. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles, para determinar la agregación familiar de la hipertensión arterial. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes (257) con factores de riesgo de hipertensión arterial; la muestra quedó conformada por 60 pacientes distribuidos en 30 pacientes hipertensos (casos) y 30 pacientes sin el diagnostico (controles). La información recogida se procesó mediante la utilización del paquete estadístico Epinfo. Resultados: En el grupo casos, predominaron familiares de primer grado con antecedentes de hipertensión (43,9 por ciento) y para los controles, los familiares de grado 2 fueron los que representaron 44,1 por ciento. Los malos hábitos dietéticos se presentaron como el factor de riesgo de mayor frecuencia en ambos grupos con 28,7 por ciento y 47,5 por ciento, respectivamente. Para los pacientes con antecedentes familiares positivos (OR= 1,93, p= 0,008 IC 95 por ciento=1,18-3,16) tuvieron más riesgo de padecer hipertensión al igual que para el factor de riesgo obesidad (OR= 9,03, IC 95 por ciento= 2,80-29,1 p =0,0001). Conclusiones: Se determinó la existencia de agregación familiar para la hipertensión arterial, con mayor riesgo de padecer la enfermedad en las personas con historia familiar en primer grado positiva para la hipertensión y la presencia de obesidad(AU)

Introduction: Arterial hypertension is one of the chronic diseases caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental etiopathogenic factors. Objective: To determine the existence of family aggregation of arterial hypertension. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study of cases and controls was carried out to determine the family aggregation of arterial hypertension. The universe consisted of all (257) patients diagnosed with risk factors for high blood pressure; the sample was made up of 60 patients distributed in 30 hypertensive patients (cases) and 30 patients without diagnosis (controls). The information collected was processed using the Epi info statistical software. Results: In the group of cases, first-degree relatives with history of hypertension predominated (43.9 percent ). In the group of controls, second-degree relatives represented the 44.1 percent . Bad dietary habits were presented as the most frequent risk factor in both groups with 28.7 percent and 47.5 percent , respectively. Patients with positive family history (OR= 1.93, p = 0.008 95 percent CI = 1.18-3.16) and those suffering from obesity (OR = 9.03, 95 percent CI = 2.80-29.1 p = 0.0001) were at higher risk of developing hypertension. Conclusions: The existence of family aggregation of arterial hypertension was determined. People with first-degree positive family history of hypertension and presenting obesity were at higher risk of suffering from the disease(AU)

Diagnóstico de espondiloartrite axial em pacientes com fibromialgia / Axial spondyloarthritis diagnosis in fibromyalgia patients

Objetivo: Avaliar pacientes com fibromialgia e dor lombar, bus- cando características clínicas de espondiloatrites axiais. Méto- dos: Neste estudo transversal, cem pacientes com fibromialgia e idades entre 18 e 65 anos foram avaliados. A avaliação consis- tiu em um questionário baseado no braço clínico dos critérios Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society para diag- nóstico de espondiloatrites axiais e um questionário de impacto da fibromialgia (Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire). Re- sultados: Quando o braço clínico da Assessment of Spondyloar- thritis International Society foi aplicado em pacientes com fibro- mialgia e dor lombar, 80% dos pacientes preencheram os critérios para diagnóstico de espondiloatrites axiais. As principais carac- terísticas de espondiloatrite axial foram dor lombar inflamatória, boa resposta a drogas anti-inflmatórias não esteroidais, artrite e entesite. Pacientes com critérios de espondiloatrites axiais posi- tivos apresentaram maiores níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa (p=0,00035). O valor médio do Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Ques- tionnaire para todos os pacientes avaliados foi 63,6, e não houve di- ferença entre os pacientes que preencheram os critérios e aqueles que não preencheram. Conclusão: Pacientes com fibromialgia e dor lombar frequentemente apresentam características clínicas de espondiloatrite axial, e aqueles que preencheram os crité- rios clínicos para espondiloatrites axiais também apresentaram maiores níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa.

Objective: To evaluate patients with fibromyalgia and back pain for clinical features of axial spondyloarthritis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, one hundred fibromyalgia patients between 18 and 65 years old were assessed. The assessment consisted of a questionnaire based on the clinical arm ofthe Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society criteria for the diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis and a questionnaire on the impact of fibromyalgia (Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire). Re- sults: When the clinical arm of the Assessment of Spondyloarthri- tis International Society was applied in patients with fibromyal- gia and back pain, 80% of the patients met the clinical criteria for diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis. The main features of axial spondyloarthritis in fibromyalgia patients were inflammatory back pain, good response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), arthritis, and enthesitis. Patients with positive axial spondyloarthritis criteria presented with higher C- reac- tive protein levels (p=0.00035). The mean value of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire for all patients assessed was 63.6 and there was no difference between patients that met the criteria for axial spondyloarthritis and those who did not. Con- clusion: Patients with fibromyalgia and back pain often present clinical features of axial spondyloarthritis, and those who met the clinical criteria for axial spondyloarthritis also presented with higher levels of C-reactive protein.

Patrón de agregados de cáncer entre familias en Irak / Cancer Aggregates Pattern among Families in Iraq

Breast cancer is first ranking malignancies in Iraq. Family history of cancer is an important factor for cancer occurrence and development in next generation. The study aimed to determine the validity of family history of cancer by population-based and clinic-based family registries, evaluate the concurrence of cancer affected by family history in their first-, and second-degree relatives. An observational studies of total 62 relatives membered of 44 Iraqi breast cancer families were included. We conducted study at period between December 2018 and June 2019. Data collected according NCCN Genetic Testing Criteria for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome. Risk ratio (RR) used to evaluating predilection of family cancer risk. We addressed forty-four Iraqi breast cancer families who have sixty-two members with cancer. The age mean±SD was 51.8±12.6, and median=48.5 years. Meanwhile the age mean±SD= 51.6±11.9 years for relatives. M:F ratio equal to 3:1. Sister, mother and aunt/uncle were most common relative affected. Breast cancer represented the most frequent types found in 46.7% of patients. Mothers (RR=1.313), and/or sisters (RR=1.6), lead to increased risk of cancer development in other family members or next generation. The first degree relatives recorded more than the second degree relatives. This is the first study conducting in Iraq dealing with cancer risk at the level of families. The age of patients didn't differ from age at diagnosis, concluding there is no active screening programs run through Iraqi families. Sister, mother and aunt/uncle are the most relatives affect. The 1st-degree relatives more frequent than the 2nd-degree. Breast cancer represented the most common types found members studied. Mothers and sisters have highly risk ratio for developing family cancer among other individuals.

O histórico familiar está associado à presença de dislipidemia em crianças pré-escolares / Family history is associated with the presence of dyslipidemia in pre-school children

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre história familiar e presença de dislipidemias em crianças. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 257 crianças de 4 a 7 anos de idade do município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Foram realizadas avaliações do estado nutricional e do perfil lipídico (colesterol total e frações e triglicerídeos), além do registro de história de dislipidemia dos pais. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para identificar associações e teste t de Student para comparação de médias. Foi realizada análise de regressão de Poisson para avaliar a associação independente entre história familiar e a presença de dislipidemia em crianças, sendo adotado o nível de significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: Crianças com pais dislipidêmicos apresentaram maiores concentrações séricas de colesterol total e triglicerídeos. Na análise de regressão após ajuste, a presença de dislipidemia no pai ou na mãe (RP: 2,43; IC95% 1,12-5,27) bem como a presença de dislipidemia no pai e na mãe (RP: 5,62; IC95% 2,27-13,92) estiveram associadas à hipertrigliceridemia nas crianças. Crianças com pais e mães dislipidêmicos apresentaram maior prevalência de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c) elevada (RP: 1,52; IC95% 1,18-1,97). Conclusões: A investigação da história familiar de dislipidemia deve fazer parte de protocolos para verificar a presença de hipertrigliceridemia e dislipidemias na infância.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between family history and the presence of dyslipidemia in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 257 children aged 4 to 7 years old from Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil. Nutritional status and lipid profile (total cholesterol, cholesterol fractions, and triglyceride) assessments and an active search for a family history of dyslipidemia in parents were carried out. Pearson's chi-square test was used to identify associations, and Student's t-test was used to compare means. A Poisson regression analysis was performed to assess the independent association between family history and the presence of dyslipidemia in children. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: Children of parents with dyslipidemia had higher serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides. In a regression analysis after adjustments, the presence of dyslipidemia in the father or in the mother (OR: 2.43; 95%CI 1.12-5.27), as well as the presence of dyslipidemia in both the father and the mother (OR: 5.62; 95%CI 2.27-13.92) were associated with hypertriglyceridemia in children. Children of parents with dyslipidemia had a higher prevalence of elevated low-density lipoproteins (LDL-c) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI 1.18-1.97). Conclusions: An investigation of the family history of dyslipidemia should be made as part of the protocol to verify the presence of hypertriglyceridemia and dyslipidemia in children.

Incidence of bifid uvula and its relationship to submucous cleft palate and a family history of oral cleft in the Brazilian population / Incidence of bifid uvula and its relationship to submucous cleft palate and a family history of oral cleft in the Brazilian population

Abstract Introduction: Bifid uvula is a frequently observed anomaly in the general population and can be regarded as a marker for submucous cleft palate. Objective: In this study aimed to determine the frequency of bifid uvula and submucous cleft palate and their relationship with oral clefts in a Brazilian population. Methods: We conducted a transversal, descriptive and quantitative study of 1206 children between August 2014 and December 2015. A clinical examination of the children was conducted by means of inspection of the oral cavity with the aid of a tongue depressor and directed light. After the clinical examination in children, parents answered a questionnaire with questions about basic demographic information and their family history of oral clefts in their first-degree relatives. After application of the questionnaires, the information collected was archived in a database and analyzed by the statistical program SPSS® version 19.0, by applying Chi-Square tests. Values with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 1206 children included in this study, 608 (50.40%) were female and 598 (49.60%) were male (p = 0.773). The average age of children was 3.75 years (standard deviation ± 3.78 years). Of the 1206 children studied, 6 (0.5%) presented with bifid uvula. Submucosal cleft palate was not found in any child. When the family histories of children were examined for the presence of nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or cleft palate, no first degree relatives presented with the congenital anomaly. Conclusion: This study revealed that the incidence of bifid uvula and submucous cleft palate in this population was quite similar to previously reported incidence rates. Our study suggests an intensification of new reviews, with broader and diverse populations, seeking to associate the occurrence of bifid uvula, submucous cleft palate and oral clefts.

Resumo: Introdução: A úvula bífida é uma anomalia frequentemente observada na população em geral e pode ser considerada como um marcador de fissura palatina submucosa. Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de úvula bífida e fissura palatina submucosa e sua relação com fissura orais em uma população brasileira. Método: Realizamos um estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo de 1.206 crianças entre agosto de 2014 e dezembro de 2015. O exame clínico das crianças foi realizado por meio da inspeção da cavidade oral com auxílio de um abaixador de língua e luz direcionada. Após o exame clínico nas crianças, os pais responderam a um questionário com perguntas sobre informações demográficas básicas e antecedentes de fendas orais em familiares de primeiro grau. As informações coletadas foram arquivadas em um banco de dados e analisadas pelo programa estatístico SPSS® versão 19.0, aplicando testes de Qui-Quadrado. Os valores com p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Das 1.206 crianças incluídas neste estudo, 608 (50,40%) eram do gênero feminino e 598 (49,60%) do masculino (p = 0,773). A idade média das crianças foi de 3,75 anos (desvio-padrão ± 3,78 anos). Das 1.206 crianças estudadas, seis (0,5%) apresentavam úvula bífida. A fissura palatina submucosa não foi encontrada em nenhuma criança. Quando as histórias familiares de crianças foram examinadas quanto à presença de fissura de lábio e/ou palato não sindrômica, nenhum parente de primeiro grau apresentava esta anomalia congênita. Conclusão: Este estudo revelou que a incidência de úvula bífida e fissura palatina submucosa nesta população é bastante semelhante às taxas de incidência previamente relatadas. Nosso estudo sugere uma intensificação de novas revisões, com populações mais amplas e diversas, buscando associar a ocorrência de úvula bífida, fissura palatina submucosa e fissura orais.

Doença ulcerosa péptica: realmente é possível identificá-la por meio das características da dor epigástrica? / Peptic ulcer disease: is it really possible to identify it through the characteristics of epigastric pain?

OBJETIVO: Determinar se características da dor epigástrica são capazes de identificar pacientes com doença ulcerosa péptica. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle, com coleta de dados de setembro de 2014 a junho de 2016. Foram incluídos pacientes com mais de 18 anos com dispepsia que realizaram endoscopia digestiva alta ambulatorialmente. Os pacientes foram abordados antes de realizar a endoscopia digestiva alta, verificando, em suas guias, a presença de dispepsia, tendo sido convidados a responder um questionário, e, posteriormente, o prontuário de cada entrevistado foi avaliado para verificação do diagnóstico, sendo, então, divididos entre o Grupo Doença Ulcerosa Péptica (casos), com 32 pacientes, e o Grupo Controle, com 44 pacientes com dispepsia atribuída a outras causas. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes com dispepsia não ulcerosa, 52,27% caracterizaram a dor como em queimação, sendo 47,72% moderada e que piorava com alimentação. Dentre os demais sintomas, 45,45% relataram náuseas e 25% desconforto pós-prandial, com 52,27% relatando histórico familiar negativo de doença ulcerosa péptica. Em contrapartida, dos pacientes com doença ulcerosa péptica, 53,12% referiram dor em queimação e de moderada intensidade, e 50% relataram piora com alimentação. Dentre os demais sintomas, prevaleceram também náuseas (53,12%) e desconforto pós-prandial (40,62%). A maioria (81,25%) relatou histórico familiar de doença ulcerosa péptica. Observou-se diferença estatística em dor noturna, predominando na doença ulcerosa péptica (p=0,0225) e dor em cólica na dispepsia não ulcerosa (p=0,0308), assim como na ausência de histórico familiar entre os pacientes com dispepsia não ulcerosa (p=0,0195). CONCLUSÃO: A dispepsia relacionada à doença ulcerosa péptica relaciona-se, principalmente, à piora noturna, sendo que a intensidade da dor, a relação com alimentação e os sintomas associados não auxiliaram na diferenciação da dispepsia não ulcerosa, diferentemente do que a literatura tradicionalmente informa. (AU)

To determine whether it is possible to identify Peptic Ulcer Disease through the characteristics of epigastric pain. METHODS: This is a case-control study with data collected between September 2014 and June 2016 including patients over 18 years of age with dyspepsia who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as outpatients. The patients were approached before the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy when their test requisition form indicated the presence of dyspepsia. The subjects were invited to answer a questionnaire and, afterwards, the records of all interviewees were evaluated to check for the diagnosis. Then, they were divided into a peptic ulcer disease group (cases), with 32 patients, and a control group, with 44 patients with dyspepsia from other causes. RESULTS: Among non-ulcer dyspepsia patients, 52.27% described the pain as a "burning pain", with 47.72% reporting it as moderate and aggravated by food intake. As for other symptoms, 45.45% of subjects reported nausea, and 25% reported postprandial discomfort; 52.27% had no family history of peptic ulcer disease. In contrast, 53.12% of peptic ulcer disease patients reported "burning" and moderate pain, and 50% said the pain was aggravated by eating. As for the other symptoms, nausea (53.12%) and postprandial discomfort (40.62%) prevailed; most of the patients (81.25%) had family history of peptic ulcer disease. There was a statistical difference in night pain, which was more prevalent in peptic ulcer disease (p=0.0225), and colicky pain, which was more frequent in nonulcer dyspepsia (p=0.0308), as well as absence of family history in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients (p=0.0195). CONCLUSION: Dyspepsia caused by peptic ulcer disease is mainly related to night worsening, and pain intensity, the relationship with food intake, and associated symptoms did not help differentiate nonulcer dyspepsia, differently from what the medical literature traditionally suggests. (AU)

Factors associated with disease-specific survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer / Fatores associados à sobrevida doença-específica em pacientes com câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas

ABSTRACT Objective: Lung cancer is a global public health problem and is associated with high mortality. Lung cancer could be largely avoided by reducing the prevalence of smoking. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of social, behavioral, and clinical factors on the survival time of patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated at Cancer Hospital I of the José Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2000 and 2003. Methods: This was a retrospective hospital cohort study involving 1,194 patients. The 60-month disease-specific survival probabilities were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method for three stage groups. The importance of the studied factors was assessed with a hierarchical theoretical model after adjustment by Cox multiple regression. Results: The estimated 60-month specific-disease lethality rate was 86.0%. The 60-month disease-specific survival probability ranged from 25.0% (stages I/II) to 2.5% (stage IV). The performance status, the intention to treat, and the initial treatment modality were the major prognostic factors identified in the study population. Conclusions: In this cohort of patients, the disease-specific survival probabilities were extremely low. We identified no factors that could be modified after the diagnosis in order to improve survival. Primary prevention, such as reducing the prevalence of smoking, is still the best method to reduce the number of people who will suffer the consequences of lung cancer.

RESUMO Objetivo: O câncer de pulmão é um problema de saúde pública global e é associado a elevada mortalidade. Ele poderia ser evitado em grande parte com a redução da prevalência do tabagismo. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de fatores sociais, comportamentais e clínicos sobre o tempo de sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas atendidos, entre 2000 e 2003, no Hospital do Câncer I do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de coorte hospitalar com 1.194 pacientes. As probabilidades de sobrevida doença-específica em 60 meses foram calculadas com o método de Kaplan-Meier para três grupos de estadiamento. A importância dos fatores estudados foi avaliada por um modelo teórico hierarquizado após o ajuste de modelos de regressão múltipla de Cox. Resultados: Foi estimada uma taxa de letalidade doença-específica em 60 meses de 86,0%. A probabilidade de sobrevida doença-específica em 60 meses variou de 25,0%, nos estádios iniciais, a 2,5%, no estádio IV. A situação funcional, a intenção e a modalidade do tratamento inicial foram os principais fatores prognósticos identificados na população estudada. Conclusões: As probabilidades de sobrevida doença-específica estimadas na amostra estudada foram muito baixas, e não foram identificados fatores que pudessem ser modificados após o diagnóstico visando uma melhora da sobrevida. A prevenção primária, como a redução da prevalência do tabagismo, ainda é a melhor forma de evitar que mais pessoas sofram as consequências do câncer de pulmão.

Doença periodontal e diabetes mellitus: análise do conhecimento e conduta dos médicos na cidade de Pirapora (MG) / Periodontal and diabetes mellitus disease: analysis of medical knowledge and conduct in Pirapora (MG)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a conduta e o conhecimento de médicos ativos na cidade de Pirapora (MG), diante da possível relação entre a DP e o DM. Para tal, foram enviados questionários aos médicos que atuavam no serviço público da cidade, com perguntas relacionadas à DP e ao DM. Os resultados revelaram que 64% dos médicos não incluem, na sua anamnese, perguntas sobre a condição odontológica de seus pacientes. Além disso, 61% afirmaram nunca terem lido artigos que tratassem da associação entre a DP e o DM. A partir dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, concluiu-se que ainda há limitações no relacionamento entre os profissionais da área de saúde. É importante que ambos profissionais, médico e cirurgião-dentista, troquem informações e se atualizem constantemente sobre a inter-relação DM e DP, objetivando uma melhor conduta preventiva e terapêutica de ambas as patologias, favorecendo o paciente de forma generalizada.

This study aimed to assess the conduct and knowledge of active physicians in the city of Pirapora (MG) on the possible relationship between DP and DM. For this, questionnaires were sent to doctors working in the public health service of the city, with questions related to the DP and DM. The results revealed that 64% of doctors did not include in its history, questions about the dental condition of their patients. In addition, 61% said they never read articles that addressed the association between DP and DM. From the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that still are limitations in the relationship between health professionals. It is important that both professionals, doctor and dentist, share information and update constantly on the interrelationship DM and DP, aiming to better preventive and therapeutic management of both conditions, favoring the patient systemic health.

Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of attention and ADHD comorbidity in a sample of children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy / Avaliação clínica e neuropsicológica da atenção e comorbidade com TDAH em crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia idiopática

Children with epilepsy present significant problems concerning attention and comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective To determine the prevalence of attention complaints, ADHD diagnosis and attention profile in a sample of children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy. Method 36 children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy and 37 genre and age matched healthy controls underwent several procedures to diagnose their neuropsychological profile and comorbidity with ADHD. Results The prevalence of ADHD was higher in patients with epilepsy [χ2= 4.1, p = 0.043, 6 (16.7%) vs 1 (2.7%)], with worse results in attention related WISC items and factors in patients with epilepsy comparing to the controls, but not between patients with and without ADHD. Clinical characteristics did not influence those results. Conclusion This study found a greater prevalence of problems wih attention in pediatric patients with idiopathic epilepsy, but not a distinct profile between those with or without ADHD. .

Crianças com epilepsia podem apresentar problemas de atenção e comorbidade com transtorno de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH). Objetivo Determinar a prevalência de queixas de atenção, diagnóstico de TDAH e perfil atentivo em uma amostra de crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia idiopática. Método 36 crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia idiopática e 37 controles saudáveis foram submetidos a vários procedimentos para diagnosticar perfil neuropsicológico e comorbidade com TDAH. Resultados A prevalência de TDAH foi maior em pacientes com epilepsia [χ2 = 4,1, p = 0,043, 6 ( 16,7%) vs 1 (2,7%)] , que também apresentaram piores resultados em itens e fatores dependentes de atenção do WISC. Não foram observadas diferenças entre pacientes com e sem TDAH. As características clínicas não influenciaram resultados. Conclusão Este estudo encontrou uma maior prevalência de problemas com atenção em pacientes pediátricos com epilepsia idiopática , mas não um perfil distinto entre aqueles com ou sem TDAH. .

Frecuencia y caracterización del síndrome metabólico según criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes en familiares de primer grado de personas con diabetes tipo 1 / Frequency and characterization of metabolic syndrome according to the criteria of the International Federation of Diabetes in first degree relatives of persons with type 1 diabetes

Introducción: el síndrome metabólico se ha definido como la asociación de varios factores precursores de enfermedad cardiovascular y de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de síndrome metabólico, según los criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes en familiares de primer grado de diabéticos tipo 1. Métodos: se seleccionaron 96 adultos y 97 adolescentes, se les aplicó un cuestionario, y se les realizó un examen físico general. Además, se les realizaron determinaciones en ayunas de glucosa, insulina, colesterol, triglicéridos y HDL colesterol, y se calculó el índice de resistencia a la insulina. Resultados: la frecuencia del síndrome metabólico fue mayor en los adultos 17,7 por ciento (17/96) que en los adolescentes 3,09 por ciento (3/97), y la resistencia a la insulina en los adultos fue similar en los sujetos con y sin síndrome metabólico. La historia familiar de enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, obesidad, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial no está asociada con la presencia del síndrome metabólico en los familiares de primer grado de diabéticos tipo 1. Conclusiones: el síndrome metabólico, según los criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes, es más frecuente en los adultos que en los adolescentes familiares de primer grado de diabéticos tipo 1, y la resistencia a la insulina en estos sujetos no está exclusivamente asociada al síndrome metabólico(AU)

Introduction: the metabolic syndrome is defined as the association of some factors causing cardiovascular disease and of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: to determine the frequency of the metabolic syndrome according to the criteria of the International Federation of Diabetes in first degree relatives of persons with type 1diabetes. Methods: ninety six adults and 97 adolescents were selected to apply a questionnaire and a general physical examination. Also, assessment of fast glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were carried out, estimating the rate of insulin-resistance. Results: the frequency of metabolic syndrome was higher in adults for a 17,7 percent (17/96) than in adolescents for a 3,09 percent (3/97) and the insulin resistance in adults was similar in those subjects with and without metabolic syndrome. The family history of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipemia and high blood pressure is not associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in first degree relative of persons with type 1 diabetes. Conclusions: the metabolic syndrome, according the criteria of the International Federation of Diabetes, is more frequent in adult persons than in the adolescent first degree relatives of persons with type 1 diabetes and that the insulin resistance in these subjects is not exclusively associated with the metabolic syndrome(AU)

Dimensões do palato e características oclusais de crianças respiradoras nasais e bucais / Palatal dimensions and occlusal characteristics of nose and mouth-breathing children

Objetivo: Investigar as diferenças entre crianças respiradoras nasais e bucais quanto às características oclusais e dimensões do palato. Método: Foram empregados 60 modelos de estudo de crianças de 6 a 10 anos divididas em um grupo composto por respiradores nasais e outro por respiradores bucais, selecionados mediante diagnóstico otorrinolaringológico. Os modelos foram avaliados em relação à distância intermolares (DIM), intercaninos (DIC), profundidade de palato (PP), relação molar, e presença de mordida cruzada posterior. Resultados: Quanto às dimensões do palato, observou-se diferença significativa entre os dois grupos em relação à DIM, menor para respiradores bucais (p<0,05); quanto à PP, esta foi significativamente maior para o mesmo grupo em relação aos respiradores nasais (p<0,05). No entanto, em relação à DIC, nenhuma diferença foi observada (p>0,05). Na análise das características oclusais, não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos quanto ao posicionamento dos primeiros molares permanentes (p>0,05) ou em relação à presença de mordida cruzada posterior (p=0,184). Conclusão: A ausência de diferenças entre os grupos quanto à DIC, associada à diferença encontrada em relação à DIM sugere uma tendência de estreitamento maxilar em uma posição mais posterior em decorrência do padrão respiratório alterado. Os dados obtidos em relação às características oclusais sugerem que o respirador bucal não pode ser considerado como portador de um tipo de maloclusão específica. No entanto, a detecção da presença de uma maior PP e, principalmente, de uma menor DIM nos respiradores bucais pode indicar uma tendência de evolução de contração do arco maxilar e subseqüente instalação de mordida cruzada posterior que, eventualmente, pode se pronunciar com maior evidência com o passar da idade.

Análisis de mutaciones primarias asociadas a resistencia a los antirretrovirales en niños con diagnóstico reciente de HIV-1 / Analysis of antiretroviral resistance-associated primary mutations in recently HIV-1 diagnosed children

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar prospectivamente los niveles de resistencia a las drogas antirretrovirales y el progreso de la carga viral plasmática (CV) en niños infectados verticalmente por HIV-1 antes y durante el tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV).

The aim of this study was to prospectively analyze antiretroviral drug resistance and plasma viral load in HIV-1 vertically-infected children beforme and during antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Glucose intolerance (diabetes and IGT) in a selected South Indian population with special reference to family history, obesity and lifestyle factors--the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS 14).

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of family history of diabetes, obesity and lifestyle factors particularly physical activity on glucose intolerance in a selected south Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS) is an epidemiological study involving two residential areas in Chennai in South India representing the middle and lower socio-economic group. Of the total of 1399 eligible subjects (age > or = 20 years), 1262 (90.2%) participated in the study. A detailed questionnaire was used to collect details on medical history, family history of diabetes, family income and physical activity. All the study subjects underwent a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and were categorized as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes using WHO consulting group criteria. Obesity and abdominal obesity were defined using the new Asia Pacific guidelines. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of diabetes in the study population was 12.0%, (age-standardized -9.3%), which included 7.2% of known diabetic subjects and 4.8% undiagnosed diabetic subjects, while the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was 5.9% (age-standardized prevalence 5.0%). The prevalence of glucose intolerance (Diabetes + IGT) was significantly higher among subjects with both parents diabetic (55%) compared to those with one parent diabetic (22.1%, p = 0.005) and those with no family history (15.6%, p < 0.0001). Prevalence of glucose intolerance was significantly higher among subjects who had light grade physical activity (23.2%) compared to moderate (17.5%, p = 0.04) and heavy grade activity (8.1 % p < 0.00001). Subjects belonging to higher socio-economic status (SES) and who also had a positive family history of diabetes had five times greater prevalence of glucose intolerance compared to subjects from lower socioeconomic status and no family history (p < 0.0001). Regression analysis revealed age (p < 0.0001), waist circumference (p < 0.0001), body mass index (p < 0.0001), waist-hip ratio (p < 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001), family history of diabetes (p < 0.0001), higher SES (p < 0.0001), moderate (p = 0.001) and light (p < 0.001) grade physical activity to be associated with glucose intolerance. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that even after adjusting for variables like age and family history of diabetes, physical activity showed a significant association with glucose intolerance CONCLUSION: The prevalence of glucose intolerance is high in this selected urban south Indian population. Lifestyle factors and family history have a synergistic effect on increasing the risk for diabetes in this population.

Correlación clínica entre el estudio pre mortem y autopsia / Concordance between clinical and postmortem diagnoses in a clinical hospital

Backgroum: lately, autopsies are performed less frequently in hospitals, despite their importance as a diagnostic tool. Aim: to study the concordance between clinical diagnosis and postmortem study in patients that died in a teaching hospital. Material and methods: autopsy findings in 57 patients (aged 16 to 85 years old, 28 female) that died at a University hospital were analyzed. Clinical diagnoses were compared with those of the postmortem examination and the degree of concordance between both diagnoses was calculated. Results: seven major omissions (12.3 percent), whose knowledge could have changed the clinical course of patients, were detected. These omissions occurred in patients with complex diseases or due to limitations of diagnostic procedures. Also, seven omissions, found in severely ill patients, whose knowledge would not change the patient`s evolution, were also detected. Conclusions: autopsy still is a valuable tool to assess the quality of care for patients that die during their hospitalization

Condromalacia patelar. Correlación clínico-artroscópica de un nuevo signo clínico / Patellar chondromalatia. Clinical-arthroscopical correlation of a new sign

Se elaboro el presente trabajo, prospectivo longitudinal, tomando 200 artroscopias efectuadas en el servicio, con el diagnóstico clínico preoperatorio de condromalacia patelar. A todos los pacientes se les realizó anamnesis dirigida así como exploración física que incluyó la búsqueda de los signos clásicos: palpación de facetas rotulianas, cepillo rotuliano y escape rotuliano, además, se realizó la maniobra de Carriedo, variante del escape rotuliano. Al establecer la correlación clínico-artroscópica se encontró que los signos clásicos sólo son confiables en cuanto al diagnóstico y no así en cuanto a la clasificación del grado de lesión. El signo de Carreido, en forma opuesta, mostró una alta confiabilidad para fines diagnósticos y sobre todo, para determinar el grado de lesión particularmente en las condromalacias grados III y IV. Lo anterior es de relevante importancia debido al elevado número de pacientes sin condromalacia o con ella en grados I y II a quienes se les efectúa una intervención artroscópica cuando, preferentemente, deberían ser manejados en forma conservadora. Se propone que en los servicios de ortopedia sea investigado este nuevo signo en forma sistemática en los pacientes en quienes se sospecha condromalacia patelar